satellite nighttime lights

Regional Convergence and Spatial Dependence across Subnational Regions in ASEAN: Evidence from Satellite Nighttime Light Data

Across ASEAN regions, almost 60 percent of the differences in GDP per capita can be predicted by a luminosity-based measure of GDP. Based on this measure, regional inequality within most countries has not significantly decreased, spatial dependence is increasing, and spatial clusters (hotspots and coldspots) cross multiple national boundaries.